Research notes on every problem, and a library of the papers behind them. Built from the open erdos repository.
Updated
Grade
PASS for the conditional examination and its separate adverse dyadic finding, at the exact scopes below. The original report's terminal verdict is refutation-failed under its explicit P/E assumptions. Its unrestricted auxiliary dyadic assertion is refuted-as-stated; the balanced specialization actually consumed has verdict refutation-failed. This grade does not accept P, the unrestricted E conjunction, an unconditional Problem 824 solution or any Lean result.
The grading date is 2026-10-16 UTC. The complete subject is the original report, its integral premise account, all three original keepers—signed, extraction and counting—and their seven unchanged retained inputs. The original examination is dated 2026-10-15; its extraction was frozen at 20:29:14.961128 UTC that day. The grading packet was frozen on 2026-10-16. No subsequent text is covered.
The retained subjects identify the following repository-relative mathematics:
| Exact retained subject | Native source and reading scope |
|---|---|
| Signed Type II | wiki/research/smooth_successor_primes/signed_type_ii.md, all 481 supplied lines. |
| Extraction | wiki/research/smooth_successor_primes/successor_prime_extraction.md, all 422 supplied lines. |
| Product reduction | wiki/research/smooth_successor_primes/li_zhuang_reduction.md, all 165 supplied lines, including the last two quantifier paragraphs. |
| Catalog formulation | wiki/problems/arithmetic_functions/E0824/_index.md, the supplied statement only. |
| Source excerpt | library/arithmetic_functions/openai_2026_weighted_dilation_graphs_smooth_shifted_primes_totient_fibers/openai_2026_weighted_dilation_graphs_smooth_shifted_primes_totient_fibers.md, all 752 supplied lines: Sections 2, 6, 7 and bibliography. |
| Scope and read metadata | The two original neutral identification files, read in full and preserved verbatim. |
These are source identities, not claims about current native pages. OpenAI's Weighted dilation graphs, smooth shifted primes and totient fibers, 24 September 2026 release, is an unrefereed manuscript. The successor application and product reduction are attributed to Shisheng Li and Zhong Zhuang's Coprime pairs with equal sum of divisors, assuming smooth shifted primes, 11 October 2026 draft, Theorem 1.3 and Section 3, pages 1–3. The full project exposition and parameter checks are credited to Plasma AI. No original PDF or original classical proof was supplied or read.
Independence and actual-read findings
The grader is a fresh adversarial grader, disclosed model gpt-6-astra, distinct from both mathematical authorship and the original reviewer, with no collaboration on either. This is whole-contract grading of the existing report, not a replacement examination or a second mathematical cycle. The elementary examination was graded first, with separate dispositions for every E assertion; that completed grade is used below only at the interfaces actually consumed here.
The complete original report, premise account, three keepers and all seven inputs were read for grading. The original commission, continuation, operating requirements, supplied settings and primary actual-read records were inspected for authority, coverage and exposure. Every recorded call in the substantive primary record has its matched return; the other supplied startup record contains no substantive tool read.
Actual returned mathematical displays support the original full-read claim: the neutral metadata, catalog and extraction were displayed together; the signed proof and product proof were displayed in full; the source excerpt was displayed in five contiguous ranges covering all 752 lines. Requested paths alone were not treated as proof of reading. A substantive-line matching aid was checked against the actual routes, range boundaries and displayed returns. Duplicate passages were not counted as evidence of reading unrelated intervening text. The mathematical displays used for this coverage contain no actual output truncation. Oversized operating displays were partial; the original report correctly limits their claimed depth. Both verification contracts received full readings.
Opaque internal continuation data are not independently inspectable; the eligibility judgment rests on the readable instructions, continuations and matched actual calls and returns, not on those opaque data.
The original record shows only the frozen mathematical inputs, authorized operating material, the reviewer's own work and permitted outward notices. Its successive instructions preserve the same mathematical commission. No author advocacy, earlier grade, sibling ruling, live ledger, outside source acquisition, inbox or feed, other checkout, additional mathematical subject or native subagent read appears in that record. Subscriptions were empty, but this is corroboration rather than the basis of the content finding. The report's no-exposure and independence account is supported within the supplied primary record; unrecorded activity is not asserted to be visible.
The reviewer disclosed that the accepted-settings metadata was displayed alongside the manifest before its identity comparison. The comparison subsequently matched. Inspection of the displayed content shows operational settings, not mathematics, attack advice or a verdict. The named static operating sources were checked before substantive use. PASS on reviewer eligibility: this read-order fact is not material mathematical exposure under the verification standard's content test. It was disclosed rather than silently waived. There is no basis here for voiding the mathematical examination on that fact.
The current grader has read only the commissioned packet, named operating files and its own work. No excluded mathematical exposure was observed. A newly authored administrative parser was briefly written to the wrong scratch directory. Its first launch failed before execution; it was moved to the designated directory before the successful launch. This deviation was disclosed immediately and read no excluded input. Any distinct ruling on the grader's operating eligibility remains with the commissioning authority; this grade does not waive that ruling.
Restatement and assertion grades
The exact premise account is integral to the graded subject. All its fixed group and band geometry, damping, normalizations, coefficient classes and constant dependencies are retained. Put , , . All factor variables are positive integers; and . Group counts count distinct prime divisors, band lists permit repetitions, and the exceptional band slot is an integer rough above . Fixed choices precede ; thresholds may depend on those choices.
P is the entire supplied shift-cancellation hypothesis. Its discrepancy condition tests every interval in , all characters of modulus at most , including principal and imprimitive characters, and every , bounding the harmonic sum by . An endpoint has the supplied convolution over with the original rough-supported coefficient , an explicit character and Mellin power on , the integer slot in an interval in , , and unrestricted residual coefficient . Coefficients, character modulus and frequencies obey the fixed logarithmic bounds.
For every fixed endpoint/group/cutoff data and requested , P supplies a fixed and the uniform bound
This includes both signs of nonzero , , all stated outer frequencies, fixed positive compact support and derivative bounds , and the stipulated conjugated cases. Only the actual restricted in the designated endpoint must satisfy discrepancy; no such requirement is imposed on the arbitrary second Type II coefficient. This restates an assumed interface, not an acceptance of P or a verification of its identification with an omitted source theorem.
E comprises the exact stated elementary/classical interfaces, candidate mass, full-cell discrepancy and density bounds. The original implication assumes E and does not prove that complete antecedent. The separate E grade accepts only its operative sieve fragment and the other explicit scopes relative to their classical premises. Their use in this report is compared below; the false unrestricted E1 statement is never promoted.
For the stated fixed bands and groups and every fixed with , signed Type II asserts some fixed works for all large real , , , and all permitted , giving the weighted sum over . The actual interval cuts of satisfy discrepancy; is arbitrary within its bound.
Extraction asserts that for every fixed there are and a threshold such that every sufficiently large real has at least distinct primes in with . Consequently A+ gives, for every fixed , at least such primes for every sufficiently large real .
Define as the sum of the positive divisors of and
Let count those pairs with both entries squarefree, including the convention that 1 is squarefree. Each unordered pair is represented once by ; the diagonal is excluded. The terminal conditional assertion is
This is the catalog's eventual exponent reading. A subsequence or an almost-all set would not suffice.
| Assertion examined in the original report | Grade and precise mathematical disposition |
|---|---|
| Full signed Type II deduction | PASS, refutation-failed under the exact P endpoint statement and its elementary/classical inputs; all signs, conjugations, restrictions and logarithmic losses are retained. |
| Complete Type I deduction | PASS, refutation-failed for odd squarefree moduli summed to , each fixed , with error . |
| Preliminary sieve and per-prime sieve | PASS, refutation-failed at their actual cutoffs and remainder levels, using operative E1. |
| Full-cell proxy replacements and density sign transfer | PASS, refutation-failed on the supplied factor ranges, with coefficient bound 1 independent of later precision and density depending on through size. |
| Subtraction away from balance | PASS, refutation-failed with all least-prime endpoints, repeated primes, the fixed mesh and the exact one-prime density contribution retained. |
| Isolated unrestricted “Dyadic bound” with only | PASS for the report's refuted-as-stated verdict. The normalized witness below diverges. This is no favorable grade of that bound. |
| Balanced dyadic specialization actually used | PASS, refutation-failed with , early sieve geometry and constants preceding . The proof treats the full exceptional integer and nonsquarefree assignment modulus. |
| Weighted prime mass, distinct-prime count and smoothness of | PASS, refutation-failed conditionally, with candidate mass and maximum-summand bound both retained. |
| A+ and interval-containment consequence | PASS, refutation-failed for every sufficiently large real argument. The comparison to the cited Li–Zhuang Theorem 1.4 is only the supplied interval comparison; its original wording is unread. |
| Products and equal-value collisions | PASS, refutation-failed under A+, using distinct subsets, strict product endpoint and a subpolynomial number of possible divisor-sum values. |
| Overlap deletion, gcd cancellation and fiber bound | PASS, refutation-failed with squarefreeness essential to cancellation, diagonal deleted, and at most ordered preimages per reduced pair. |
| Eventual squarefree-pair inequality, real- extension and catalog exponent interpretation | PASS, refutation-failed under the stated antecedents, for every fixed positive loss and every sufficiently large real . |
| Complete conditional composition | PASS, refutation-failed at the actual consumed scopes. It supplies neither antecedent truth nor an unconditional catalog result. |
The source Section 6-equivalence assertion, original-source fidelity and P's proof are excluded from this grading. They receive no favorable warrant by inclusion of the source excerpt or by the report's comparison language. The standalone signed deduction above suffices for the graded composition. No new claim or repair is introduced to avoid that boundary.
Keeper assessment, weakest steps and strongest attack
The complete grading reproduction account records the indispensable calculations in all three existing keepers. Three weak bridges were reproduced:
- The pre-Cauchy allocation and Fourier costs are bounded before ; ordinary second and sixth divisor moments pay the diagonal. The exact signed determinant correspondence, its converse, character units and endpoint conjugations meet P. Multiplying the test by its argument restores the indispensable factor in the unweighted sum.
- Type I, every sieve level, the proxy restrictions and finite-simplex density subtraction support the extraction. The balanced mask majorant, nonsquarefree CRT count, lattice error and compensation products prove the consumed dyadic specialization with an early constant.
- The product count, overlap deletion and gcd-fiber calculation convert collisions into actual distinct coprime squarefree pairs with enough exponent margin and strict real endpoints.
The strongest successful attack is the original exact asymptotic witness. At , use and . Then is -rough and the product condition holds. The sum in the unrestricted display is exactly . Type I and the operative block sieve give
The smooth endpoints vanish; the level is ; the error is . This is a conditional mathematical witness using the same elementary/classical inputs, not an experimental prime-count assertion. The reusable defect is that a product-size condition permits one factor to collapse to 1 and loses one roughness saving.
The original report already distinguishes this false unrestricted reading from the inherited balanced one. Its complete balanced proof has and controls the summed error by . Preserving that explicit restriction is not a new repair. No surviving use in this frozen chain requires the false wider estimate.
Other attacks tested a missing determinant divisibility condition, a lost sign or factor , uncontrolled Fourier dimension, precision circularity, a squarefree-only CRT count, unsupported cancellation of , a large gcd fiber and a subsequence substituted for eventual real-variable quantifiers. The retained calculations defeat those attacks on the supplied hypotheses. None is dismissed by agreement with the author's answer.
Premises, standing and batch interfaces
The narrow premise-standing channel was read for filing on 2026-10-16 UTC. It supplies no accepted independent P weight and requires E to be graded first in this batch. The same metadata was visible at packet intake. No live ledger, P grade or exposure-assessor decision was substituted. Census from the actual proof sites found no established native L-claim consumed by this conditional argument. No missing essential native premise was found; if such a premise were needed, the closed packet could not supply its standing.
The exact classical interfaces remain assumptions:
| Premise and specialization | Source identity and actual reading depth |
|---|---|
| for each fixed ; endpoints and partial summation at fixed logarithmic precision. | Tao, 254A, notes 2, 9 December 2014, Corollary 39 and Exercise 40, as identified in supplied Section 2. Supplied statement and uses checked; original unread. |
| Mertens reciprocal-prime and product estimates; . Stronger reciprocal interval limits use PNT, not subtraction of unspecified errors. | Tao, 254A, notes 1, 23 November 2014, Theorems 15 and 26, as identified in (2.2). Supplied interfaces checked; original unread. The E package's explicitly sharper harmonic form remains part of its stated classical boundary. |
| Siegel–Walfisz uniformly in reduced classes for every fixed accuracy and logarithmic modulus exponent, with possibly ineffective constants. | Tao, notes 2, Exercise 64; supplied Theorem 2.2. Small-conductor and proxy uses checked; original unread. |
| Multiplicative large sieve, primitive-character weight and bound $(H+1+R^2)\sum | a_n |
Ford–Halberstam's The Brun–Hooley sieve, 2000, Section 1 Lemma 1, and Buchstab's 1937 work are attribution for supplied local constructions; their original papers are unread and no unspecified stronger theorem is imported. Elementary arithmetic, CRT, character orthogonality, Cauchy–Schwarz, partial summation and the stated integration/Fourier facts are used at their displayed scopes. The quantitative local estimates and deductions are retained in the report's keepers.
The separate E grade precedes this grade. Comparison of the exact frozen subjects, rather than their titles, gives the following interface result:
| Consumed interface | Match with E's surviving scope |
|---|---|
| Block sieve | Every actual invocation has cutoff , or , all eventually greater than 1. The coefficient bound, fixed/growing even and remainder level are the proved restricted E1 clauses. The refutation is preserved and not consumed as a premise. |
| Proxies | E2 covers the chain's full-cell normalization, interval cuts, principal/imprimitive characters and twists. Its coefficient bound is independent of ; the chain's lies in the accepted range. |
| Densities | E3 covers the compact cofactor range, both signs by size, balanced prime proxy, integral identity and exponential density upper bound. The weighted subtraction also needs Type II/P, as E's grade expressly states. |
| Candidate mass | E4 supplies the exact extraction geometry, integer exceptional slot, early constants, later fixed , support, maximum weight, harmonic factors and micro-band comparison. |
| Elementary tools and Type I | E5 supplies the fixed-moment and Fourier bounds and full modulus-sum Type I estimate. The signed proof's growing slot count has its separate product argument; it is not hidden in a fixed-dimensional E5 lemma. |
| Balanced mask sieve | Both reports retain the entire assignment integer, the exact lower bound, local residue counts and early constant. Neither accepted scope includes arbitrary dyads. |
The signed and extraction mathematical texts agree across the two frozen packages apart from introductory scoping prose. The consumed Section 2 and Section 7 source text agrees; the additional source Section 6 proof in the conditional packet does not supply an extra antecedent. The terminal counting argument belongs to this report and was checked separately.
The current warranted reading is the conditional implication with P and the quoted classical/source premises explicit, using exactly the accepted E fragments. The original literal conjunction E contains the false unrestricted E1 statement; treating that entire conjunction as accepted would be invalid. The report's actual deduction uses only the restricted clauses above, so its useful conditional reading does not rely on the false clause or on vacuous entailment.
Prospectively, if an independent accepted P result supplies exactly the endpoint statement used here, and the stated classical boundaries are accepted at their recorded depth, the surviving E scopes and this chain can be composed in that order. This grade supplies no P acceptance, no source Section 6 equivalence and no extra endpoint hypothesis. Catalog acceptance, any eligibility ruling on the current grader, preservation and standing remain with the commissioning authority.
Whole-contract judgment and every failure mode
Subject, independence, restatement, weakest derivations, strongest attack, dependencies, preservation and written reproduction are present for each graded assertion. The original report contains explicit findings for all nineteen canonical modes and all ten Erdős-specific items. The grading findings below assess their substance, rather than merely the presence of headings.
| Canonical mode | Grade and reason |
|---|---|
| Almost-all upgraded to all | PASS: extraction, A+ and counting retain every sufficiently large real argument. |
| Induction presupposes termination | PASS: slot allocation has a finite specified list and a preserved residual invariant. |
| Probabilistic or averaging heuristic | PASS: mask expectations and collision inequalities are exact; no independence heuristic replaces proof. |
| Circular equivalent target | PASS: P/E are exposed assumptions; signed/Type I precede extraction, then A+, then counting. Parameter choices are acyclic. |
| Exceptional sets dropped | PASS: tails, coprimality, cut cells, repeated factors, boundaries, squares, diagonal and large overlaps are paid or retained. |
| Finite verification overreach | PASS, inapplicable to mathematical evidence: no finite numerical computation supports the asymptotic conclusions. |
| Relaxed/averaged system substituted | PASS: exact determinant transfer, proxy errors, pointwise mask majorant and gcd-fiber bound reach the original objects. |
| Model-class transport without entailment | PASS: axiom-system classification is inapplicable; actual analytic sign and proxy transfers are proved. |
| Infinite uniformity from finite cases | PASS for the scoped findings: early constants are proved; the unrestricted dyadic uniformity is explicitly refuted. |
| Extremal claims in their own units | PASS: the dyadic ratio itself diverges; the final exponent counts actual reduced unordered pairs after the fiber loss. |
| Consequence sentences | PASS: distinct primes, smoothness, A+, interval containment, strict endpoints and exponent notation are separately checked. Source-fidelity limits are retained. |
| Missing quantified hypotheses | PASS: full P endpoint data, E uniformities, actual restrictions and balance are carried; the missing unrestricted balance condition is adverse. |
| Composition inherits unproved premises | PASS: P and classical assumptions remain explicit; the E interface comparison gives only the surviving scopes. |
| Reproducibility notes | PASS: complete unchanged inputs and written keepers exist; no executable mathematical rerun is claimed. Public adoption is not falsely reported as complete. |
| Verifier quotations | PASS for this grade's comparison with the complete report; prior-review quotations were inapplicable to the original frozen subject. |
| Full verdict words | PASS: refutation-failed and refuted-as-stated have separate scopes and are spelled in full. |
| Certified brackets fail on exhaustion | PASS, inapplicable: no numerical enclosure or iteration-cap calculation. |
| Every computational leg has a failing input | PASS, inapplicable to computation: no mathematical leg is executable. The written dyadic witness can and does defeat the broad assertion. |
| Gates rerun rather than trust caches | PASS, inapplicable to the warrant: no gate or cached success is used as mathematics. |
| Erdős-specific item | Grade and reason |
|---|---|
| Quantifiers and scope | PASS: every fixed , eventual real , strict endpoints and all pair conditions; unrestricted dyads separately adverse. |
| Circularity | PASS: the logical and parameter orders are explicit and supported by the keepers. |
| Model and convention changes | PASS: both signs, residue class, conjugations, , integer slot, repeated versus distinct primes, and squarefree gcd cancellation are checked. |
| Finite and statistical overreach | PASS, numerical/statistical inference inapplicable; exact finite expectations are proved identities. |
| Uniformity | PASS at the consumed scopes; the unrestricted range has its exact counterexample. |
| Extremal conclusions | PASS: the exponent margin is computed after deletion and fiber multiplicity; no optimal constant is claimed. |
| Consequences and composition | PASS conditionally through every bridge, with no P acceptance and no false unrestricted premise. |
| Computation | PASS, inapplicable as mathematical evidence; administrative parsing supplies reading provenance only. |
| Reproduction | PASS: original inputs and all three keeper derivations are retained together and need no unavailable source program. |
| Source and verdict fidelity | PASS at the supplied text depth, with original proofs, PDFs, Section 6 equivalence and external acceptance expressly outside the warrant. |
Correlated-sample inference is inapplicable under the approach-vetting rules. Under the evidence rules, administrative identities and line matches establish no mathematical conclusion; the written derivations supply the actual proof coverage. No test was manufactured in place of reasoning.
Preservation and permitted use
Keep the original package, this grade and its reproduction account together. The original relative links resolve within the retained package. The seven inputs retain every mathematical omission marker. Their filed metadata and paths receive only the maintenance declared on this record's index. The exact private provenance and actual-read records are preserved separately for the commissioning authority; this public account states their content findings without making private records a mathematical premise.
Reproduction consists of reading the original premise account and frozen subjects, then recalculating the three keeper routes and the two scope witnesses recorded in this batch. No numerical simulation, source acquisition, repository runtime or revision lookup is required. The original package has not been edited to match a later argument.
The grade is PASS for the complete conditional report at its stated scope, including PASS for its refuted-as-stated unrestricted dyadic finding. No essential deduction is left unfinished within that conditional scope. P acceptance, original-source fidelity, public adoption and any separate ruling on the current grader remain outside this completed grading product.