Wiki
Wiki

Research notes on every problem, and a library of the papers behind them. Built from the open erdos repository.

Updated


Source. Sections 4.1–4.9, physical pp. 9–18 of the selected author version. This page expands the displayed arrows as unbounded exponent regions; it is an exact symbolic check, rather than a finite cutoff sample.

Put

(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h)=(v2(m),v3(m),v5(m),v7(m),v11(m),v13(m),v17(m),v19(m)).(1)(a,b,c,d,e,f,g,h) =(v_2(m),v_3(m),v_5(m),v_7(m),v_{11}(m), v_{13}(m),v_{17}(m),v_{19}(m)). \tag{1}

An expression such as 8↑8^\uparrow gives the interval a≥3a\ge3; 9↑(1,2)9^\uparrow(1,2) gives b≥2b\ge2 with a∈{0,1}a\in\{0,1\}. Ordinary nodes and multiplication add fixed exponent coordinates, while an arrow changes one coordinate through a half-infinite interval. Consequently every displayed regular package is a finite union of Cartesian exponent boxes. The comparisons below establish when that union is disjoint.

Initial prime-7 boundary

Before prime 77, the exact prime-2,3,52,3,5 expressions and the explicit deleted classes have disjoint signatures. Expanding the prime-77 display gives the following new signatures.

d=v7d=v_7c=v5c=v_5allowed (b=v3,a=v2)(b=v_3,a=v_2)
1100b=0,a≥3; b=1,a≥1; b≥2,a≥0b=0,a\ge3;\ b=1,a\ge1;\ b\ge2,a\ge0
1111b=0,a≥1; b≥1,a≥0b=0,a\ge1;\ b\ge1,a\ge0
1122every a,b≥0a,b\ge0
11c≥3c\ge3b≤1b\le1, every a≥0a\ge0
d≥2d\ge2c∈{0,1,2}c\in\{0,1,2\}every a,b≥0a,b\ge0

The rows are disjoint. The unrestricted complement at a positive 77-exponent also contains the five excluded signatures 7,14,21,28,357,14,21,28,35. Among moduli at least 4040, the complement is exactly the two unused families recorded at the end of Section 4.4,

7u+15v+33w+22a,7u+25v+33b2a(u,v,w,a,b≥0).(2)7^{u+1}5^{v+3}3^{w+2}2^a,\qquad 7^{u+2}5^{v+3}3^b2^a \quad(u,v,w,a,b\ge0). \tag{2}

Thus the initial expressions add no duplicate regular modulus and leave precisely the stated unused regions.

The prime-11 template

For d=0d=0, the ten packages A1,…,A10A_1,\ldots,A_{10} have the following exact partition.

RegionProvider
c=0,b=0,a≥2c=0,b=0,a\ge2A1A_1 at a=2a=2, A2A_2 at a≥3a\ge3
c=0,b=1,a≥1c=0,b=1,a\ge1A3,A4,A5A_3,A_4,A_5 at a=1,2,≥3a=1,2,\ge3
c=0,b=2,a≥0c=0,b=2,a\ge0A8A_8 at a≤2a\le2, A5A_5 at a≥3a\ge3
c=0,b=3,a≥0c=0,b=3,a\ge0A3A_3 at a≤1a\le1, A4A_4 at a≥2a\ge2
c=0,b≥4,a≥0c=0,b\ge4,a\ge0A8A_8 at a∈{0,2}a\in\{0,2\}, A3A_3 at a=1a=1, A4A_4 at a≥3a\ge3
c≥1,b=0,a≥0c\ge1,b=0,a\ge0A6A_6 at a≤2a\le2, A7A_7 at a≥3a\ge3
c≥1,b=1,a≥0c\ge1,b=1,a\ge0A6A_6 at a=0a=0, A7A_7 at a≥1a\ge1
c≥1,b=2,a≥0c\ge1,b=2,a\ge0B⊂A10B\subset A_{10} at a∈{0,2}a\in\{0,2\}, A7A_7 otherwise
c≥1,b≥3,a≥0c\ge1,b\ge3,a\ge0A8A_8

For d≥1d\ge1, A9A_9 has exactly

c=0,b=0, a≥0;c=0,b=1, a=0;c≥1,b=0, a∈{0,1,2}.(3)\begin{aligned} &c=0,b=0,\ a\ge0;\\ &c=0,b=1,\ a=0;\\ &c\ge1,b=0,\ a\in\{0,1,2\}. \end{aligned} \tag{3}

The CC-part of A10A_{10} is the disjoint complement:

c=0,b=1, a≥1;c=0,b≥2, a≥0;c≥1,b=0, a≥3;c≥1,b≥1, a≥0.(4)\begin{aligned} &c=0,b=1,\ a\ge1;\qquad c=0,b\ge2,\ a\ge0;\\ &c\ge1,b=0,\ a\ge3;\qquad c\ge1,b\ge1,\ a\ge0. \end{aligned} \tag{4}

These assertions follow directly by expanding the six displayed inputs of A9A_9 and CC. For example, the fourth CC-input gives c≥1,b=0,a≥3c\ge1,b=0,a\ge3, c≥1,b=1,a=0c\ge1,b=1,a=0, and c≥1,b=2,a≤2c\ge1,b=2,a\le2; its sixth input supplies the complementary aa's for b=1,2b=1,2, and its fifth supplies all aa for b≥3b\ge3. At c=0c=0, its first, second, third, fifth, and sixth inputs give exactly (4).

Therefore A1,…,A10A_1,\ldots,A_{10} partition every quadruple (a,b,c,d)∈Z≥04(a,b,c,d)\in\mathbb Z_{\ge0}^4 except the signatures of 1,2,31,2,3:

(0,0,0,0),(1,0,0,0),(0,1,0,0).(5)(0,0,0,0),\quad(1,0,0,0),\quad(0,1,0,0). \tag{5}

In particular, the ten input packages are pairwise signature-disjoint at every exponent, not merely up to a finite bound. Attaching e≥1e\ge1 proves regular injectivity of T11\mathcal T_{11}.

The prime-13 reflection

The first ten DiD_i have the same partition (5). In D11D_{11}, deleting every structural suffix with a=0a=0 or a=1a=1 leaves exactly the prime-1111 profiles with a≥2a\ge2. The structural replacements 4↦14\mapsto1 and 8↑↦28^\uparrow\mapsto2 in D12D_{12} map those two source rays bijectively to a=0a=0 and a=1a=1. Thus

D11e≥1, a≥2,b,c,d≥0,D12e≥1, a∈{0,1},b,c,d≥0.(6)\begin{array}{c|c} D_{11}&e\ge1,\ a\ge2,\quad b,c,d\ge0,\\ D_{12}&e\ge1,\ a\in\{0,1\},\quad b,c,d\ge0. \end{array} \tag{6}

The transform is applied to the finite arrow syntax before expansion; it does not collapse separately enumerated leaves. The two regions in (6) are disjoint, and D1,…,D10D_1,\ldots,D_{10} have e=0e=0. Hence all twelve inputs of T13\mathcal T_{13} are disjoint.

The partial prime-19 template

The first ten packages have no primes 7,11,13,177,11,13,17. Their union is

{c=0,b=0,a≥2,c=0,b≥1,a≥0,c≥1,b∈{0,1},a≥0.(7)\begin{cases} c=0,b=0,a\ge2,\\ c=0,b\ge1,a\ge0,\\ c\ge1,b\in\{0,1\},a\ge0. \end{cases} \tag{7}

The individual lines in (7) split exactly as the ten displayed FiF_i: F1,F2F_1,F_2 split the first line by a=2a=2 and a≥3a\ge3; F3,…,F8F_3,\ldots,F_8 split the second by b=1b=1 or b≥2b\ge2 and the four 22-adic ranges; F9,F10F_9,F_{10} are the two bb-values in the last line.

Adding the temporary packages 1,21,2 makes the exact pool

c=0or(c≥1 and b≤1),a≥0.(8)c=0\quad\text{or}\quad(c\ge1\ \text{and}\ b\le1), \qquad a\ge0. \tag{8}

The explicit two six-element blocks on the template page partition (8). Consequently F11,F12F_{11},F_{12}, which add d≥1d\ge1, are disjoint. The package G1G_1 has c≥1,b≥2,d=e=f=g=0c\ge1,b\ge2,d=e=f=g=0, precisely the unused 55-region in (7), and G2G_2 has d≥1,c≥1,b≥2,e=f=g=0d\ge1,c\ge1,b\ge2,e=f=g=0, the unused 77-region complementary to F11,F12F_{11},F_{12}.

At e≥1,f=g=0e\ge1,f=g=0, F13,F14F_{13},F_{14} together occupy

d=0,[c=0 or (c≥1, b≤1)],d≥1,c=0, b=0,(9)\begin{aligned} &d=0,\quad[c=0\ \text{or}\ (c\ge1,\ b\le1)],\\ &d\ge1,\quad c=0,\ b=0, \end{aligned} \tag{9}

for every a≥0a\ge0. The structural enlargement 1↦41\mapsto4, 2↦8↑2\mapsto8^\uparrow splits these regions between a∈{0,1}a\in\{0,1\} and a≥2a\ge2. Expanding the four nonblank inputs of G3G_3 gives the disjoint complement of (9),

d=0,c≥1,b≥2ord≥1,c+b≥1,(10)d=0,c\ge1,b\ge2 \quad\text{or}\quad d\ge1,c+b\ge1, \tag{10}

again for every aa. Thus F13,F14,G3F_{13},F_{14},G_3 partition every (a,b,c,d)(a,b,c,d) at e≥1e\ge1.

The exact F15F_{15} selection has f≥1,e=g=0f\ge1,e=g=0 and

d=c=0ord≥1 with (c=0 or b≤1).(11)d=c=0 \quad\text{or}\quad d\ge1\ \text{with}\ (c=0\ \text{or}\ b\le1). \tag{11}

The first five inputs of G4G_4 have f≥1,e=0,d=0,c≥1f\ge1,e=0,d=0,c\ge1, split by b=0,1,≥2b=0,1,\ge2 and then by a≤1a\le1 or a≥2a\ge2. They miss (11).

Number the seven full J(u,v,w)J(u,v,w) inputs on the prime-1919 page by J1,…,J7J_1,\ldots,J_7. All have e,f≥1e,f\ge1, and their exact inner partition is

RegionProvider
d=c=0,b=0,a≤1d=c=0,b=0,a\le1J1J_1
d=c=0,b=0,a≥2d=c=0,b=0,a\ge2J2J_2
d=c=0,b=1,a≤1d=c=0,b=1,a\le1J3J_3
d=c=0,b=1,a≥2d=c=0,b=1,a\ge2J4J_4
d=c=0,b≥2,a≥0d=c=0,b\ge2,a\ge0J5J_5
d=0,c≥1,b=0,a=0,1,2,≥3d=0,c\ge1,b=0,a=0,1,2,\ge3J1,J2,J3,J4J_1,J_2,J_3,J_4, respectively
d=0,c≥1,b=1,a=0d=0,c\ge1,b=1,a=0J5J_5
d=0,c≥1,b=1,a≥1d=0,c\ge1,b=1,a\ge1J6J_6
d=0,c≥1,b≥2,a≤1d=0,c\ge1,b\ge2,a\le1J7J_7
d≥1,c=0,b=0,a≥0d\ge1,c=0,b=0,a\ge0, or b=1,a=0b=1,a=0J6J_6
d≥1,c=0,b=1,a≥1d\ge1,c=0,b=1,a\ge1, or b≥2,a≥0b\ge2,a\ge0J7J_7
d≥1,c≥1,a,b≥0d\ge1,c\ge1,a,b\ge0J7J_7

Thus the last seven inputs have e≥1e\ge1, miss F15F_{15}, and are internally disjoint. Finally F16F_{16} alone has g≥1g\ge1.

It follows that F1,…,F16F_1,\ldots,F_{16} and all four components of F17F_{17} are pairwise signature-disjoint. In the surrounding 19↑19^\uparrow, each has h≥1h\ge1 and a nontrivial inner signature. The selected-input tail (192)↑ ⁣⋅1(19^2)^\uparrow\!\cdot1 has h≥2h\ge2 and all other exponents zero, so it does not meet them. Its missing first-level signature is 1919, exactly the regular hole later filled at prime 4747.

The prime-23 template

The first sixteen displayed packages have the following disjoint union; the omitted regions are supplied by H17H_{17}.

ddccregion from H1,…,H16H_1,\ldots,H_{16}
0000b=0,a≥1; b=1,a≥0; b≥2,a≤3b=0,a\ge1;\ b=1,a\ge0;\ b\ge2,a\le3
00c≥1c\ge1b≤1,a≥0; b≥2,a≤3b\le1,a\ge0;\ b\ge2,a\le3
d≥1d\ge100b≤1,a≥0b\le1,a\ge0
d≥1d\ge1c≥1c\ge1b=0,a≥0; b=1,a≤2b=0,a\ge0;\ b=1,a\le2

The reserve 9↑(16↑,_)9^\uparrow(16^\uparrow,\_) in H17H_{17} supplies d=c=0,b≥2,a≥4d=c=0,b\ge2,a\ge4. Its 7↑7^\uparrow-part supplies

d≥1,c=0,b≥2,a≥0,andd≥1,c≥1,b≥2,a≤3.(12)d\ge1,c=0,b\ge2,a\ge0, \quad\text{and}\quad d\ge1,c\ge1,b\ge2,a\le3. \tag{12}

Thus H1,…,H17H_1,\ldots,H_{17} are disjoint and their union is

d=0,c=0:every a,b except (a,b)=(0,0),d=0,c≥1:b≤1 with every a, or b≥2,a≤3,d≥1,c=0:every a,b,d≥1,c≥1:b=0 with every a, b=1,a≤2, or b≥2,a≤3.(13)\begin{array}{ll} d=0,c=0:&\text{every }a,b\text{ except }(a,b)=(0,0),\\ d=0,c\ge1:&b\le1\text{ with every }a,\text{ or }b\ge2,a\le3,\\ d\ge1,c=0:&\text{every }a,b,\\ d\ge1,c\ge1:&b=0\text{ with every }a,\ b=1,a\le2,\ \text{or }b\ge2,a\le3. \end{array} \tag{13}

The exact prefix selections for H18,H19,H20H_{18},H_{19},H_{20} add respectively new 13,17,1913,17,19 factors, so these three packages are mutually disjoint and disjoint from H1,…,H17H_1,\ldots,H_{17}. None of the first twenty packages has an 1111-factor. The two final 11↑11^\uparrow packages use the disjoint blocks H1,…,H10H_1,\ldots,H_{10} and H11,…,H20H_{11},\ldots,H_{20}, so they are disjoint from each other and from the first twenty. No input has a 2323-factor. Therefore every regular modulus in T23\mathcal T_{23} occurs once.

Consequence

The four reusable templates are regular-signature injective over their full unbounded exponent ranges. The argument does not use terminal primes and does not shift a regular arrow's starting level. Their finite terminal realizations may therefore be applied afterward without concealing a regular-modulus collision.

Bears on. Problem 2.